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Meanwhile, the European Union finds itself in a strategic bind. While many European capitals privately acknowledge the danger of a nuclear-armed Iran, the shift toward kinetic action has undermined the “diplomacy first” ethos that has guided EU foreign policy since the early 2000s. There is a growing fear in Brussels that the strikes have not ended the nuclear program, but merely driven it deeper underground, potentially hardening Tehran’s resolve to eventually build a deliverable weapon as the ultimate insurance policy against future preemption.
